Given their scale and complexity, it is contended that wildfire incidents require a multi-disciplinary approach to assess their impact on a community and the effectiveness of subsequent mitigation efforts. This resulted in an estimate of US$ 3 billion in costs due only to evacuation in the US. Estimates of wildfire evacuation costs were obtained considering hurricane evacuation costs together with estimates of number of evacuees and length of evacuation (Thomas et al. Seminal research in the domain of hurricane disasters (Whitehead 2003) has provided estimates of costs of evacuation by breaking them down into loss of income, transportation costs/time, direct costs while away (e.g., food, lodging, entertainment). This issue has led to significant research developments in the wildfire evacuation domain (Haghani et al. The verification testing protocol is deemed to improve the credibility of wildfire evacuation model results and stimulate future modelling efforts in this domain.įires in the wildland–urban interface (WUI) are associated with severe negative consequences, such as large community evacuations, property losses, disruption to social processes, injuries, and even fatalities (Haynes et al. An example application of the testing protocol has been performed using an open wildfire evacuation modelling platform called WUI-NITY and its associated trigger buffer model k-PERIL. A reporting template has also been developed to facilitate the application of the verification testing protocol. The evacuation tests are organized in accordance with different core components related to evacuation modelling, namely Population, Pre-evacuation, Movement, Route/destination selection, Flow constraints, Events, Wildfire spread and Trigger buffers. This work presents a total of 24 verification tests, including (1) 4 tests related to pedestrians, (2) 15 tests for traffic evacuation, (3) 5 tests concerning the interaction between different modelling layers, along with 5 tests for wildfire spread and trigger buffers. This paper introduces a protocol for the verification of multi-physics wildfire evacuation models, including a set of tests used to ensure that the conceptual modelling representation of each modelling layer is accurately implemented, as well as the interactions between different modelling layers and sub-models (wildfire spread, pedestrian movement, traffic evacuation, and trigger buffers).
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